The disappearance of species from Earth has been likened to the loss of rivets from an airplane (1). This vivid analogy has inspired ecologists to think about how changes in biodiversity affect the way that ecosystems operate. We tend to view this research, which is currently one of the most active areas in ecology, as relatively new, but as with many things in biology, Darwin got there first (2–4). In TheOrigin of Species(3) Darwin says, “It has been experimentally proved that if a plot of ground be sown with one species of grass, and a similar plot be sown with several distinct genera of grasses, a greater number of plants and a greater weight of dry herbage can thus be raised.”
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